The Nature of Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Nature of Innovation - Essay Example The guidelines on the issuance of patent rights, government obtainment, examination, and improvement, built up advancement as a ceaseless composed movement of business instead of an irregular invasion into discontinuous glimmers of innovativeness. Today, it is in excess of a mechanical endeavor; it is, somewhat, a need in national, and global, financial turn of events. Most likely the main apt meaning of development is that cutting-edge by Schumpeter (1938, pp. 63-66) as tending to be categorized as one of five structures, to be specific: (1) item advancement, or new items from the perspective of shoppers; (2) process development, including either new techniques for creation or better approaches for dealing with the conveyance and stream of products; (3) new markets opened up; (4) new wellsprings of crude materials or middle merchandise; and (5) new association of an industry’s serious structure. As indicated by Schumpeter, these five structures all include the change procedure specialist to development since they lead to â€Å"creative destruction† - that is, old structures are crushed and new ones rise to have their spot. Different creators will in general sort contrastingly albeit by and large similarly; for example, the later investigation of Frame and White (2004) groups development into four classes: new items, new administratio ns, new procedures, and new authoritative structures. Of exceptional enthusiasm for this conversation is that interface among mechanical and budgetary development, and how the result of this combination is utilized in the headway of monetary action. While the term mechanical development has been so usually comprehended as to be very nearly an excess, the idea of â€Å"financial innovation† is as yet new to numerous and amorphous to some more. The term’s import could be concluded from the essential capacity of account, which is the assistance of the â€Å"allocation and organization of financial assets in a questionable environment†.

Ironic Narrative in A Farewell To Arms by Ernest Hemingway Essay

Inside the pages of A Farewell to Arms, pioneer work of the 1920s, Hemingway frequently obscures the lines between the sentimental story design and the amusing one. Pundits contend over the points of interest of each case: Do his saints change and develop? Do they deteriorate? Do they come up short? It is safe to say that they are started into some more noteworthy cognizance of their general surroundings? Are Hemingway’s saints sentimental conquistadors or would they say they are unexpected disappointments? How does a comprehension of these heroes’ inceptions improve Hemingway’s importance in the novel? These are the sorts of inquiries that must be considered in any push to decide the need of an unexpected perusing of this significant Hemingway work. Ideal models Romance and Irony In spite of the fact that catastrophe and satire have epitomized numerous developments and times of artistic history, for the motivations behind this exposition, it is important to center upon the ideal models of sentiment and incongruity. These story designs are not as recognizable to numerous perusers. Perusers may connect sentiment with a specific type of writing, regardless of whether gothic or harlequin, or perceive remarkable amusing subtleties inside plots, characters, as well as exchanges, however many neglect to understand the prototype designs that characterize the abstract standards of sentiment and incongruity and their relationship to each other. Foulke and Smith establish the framework for this investigation of sentimental legend versus amusing screw-up and sentimental mission versus hostile to mission, yet this development can be investigated significantly more completely on the off chance that one looks at the components of the hero’s venture as (de) built by Joseph Campbell in Hero with a Thousand Faces. In this work, Campbell draws from the conventions of Freud and Jung to represent how the â€Å"deeds of fantasy get by into present day times† (Campbell 4). Since topics of commencement and the related hero’s journey are principal to the human condition, integrating with all inclusive view of birth, development, and passing, the mission subject itself is consistently a â€Å"shape-moving yet greatly predictable story† that fits into the mentally endorsed â€Å"checkpoints† of an account example, for example, sentiment or incongruity (Campbell 3). In the domain of sentiment, youthful saints, by and large possessing some force that rises above the conventional, are called to experience, started into a type of information or more noteworthy comprehension of the universe (at the end of the day, the individual in question gets the goods or fortune, regardless of whether physical, mental, or otherworldly), and returns changed, equipped with a more noteworthy comprehension about his general surroundings or her huge enough to improve the predicament of mankind or if nothing else improve the part of society (Foulke and Smith 5). Despite what might be expected, the amusing excursion is established in, well, incongruity. Maybe the unexpected legend, tormented by a not exactly customary intensity, living in a universe of disarray and turmoil, adventures upon a capricious excursion, and either neglects to accomplish the fortune, or maybe considerably more fundamentally, stays unaltered by their journey (Foulke and Smith 5). The account methods of sentiment and incongruity, at that point, can best be investigated by setting one in opposition to the next. Each example outlines or speaks to an enraptured human encounter: sentiment speaks to the envisioned, glorified universe of steadiness and request, while the unexpected mode speaks to â€Å"the universe of baffled human desires† (Foulke and Smith 8). As a result of the all inclusive importance of such examples, such ideal models are amazing systems for the investigation of the human condition. Unexpected Narrative in A Farewell to Arms From the earliest starting point of the novel, perusers promptly sense the equivocalness and vulnerability of hero’s job in an erratic world. The book opens with an amusing tone portraying a shrinking earth in a doused pre-winter: â€Å"leaves all tumbled from the chestnut trees and the branches were bare,† even the vineyards are depicted as â€Å"thin and exposed branched† (Hemingway 4). What's more, significantly more gracefully, Hemingway guilefully sets up an amusing tone for the novel by keenly, however dismally, underlining that with â€Å"the winter came changeless downpour and with the downpour came the cholera†; however, â€Å"in the end† just 7,000 â€Å"died of it in the army† (Hemingway 4). With this opening, a shrinking delineation of nature, Hemingway sets his perusers up for an unexpected understanding of his novel. It is inside the setting of such an unavoidable disrupting setting, as common of the amusing mode, that perusers experience Hemingway’s unexpected legend: Frederic Henry. Frederic is at first set into a conventional hero’s job: he is a trooper. Furthermore, not exclusively is Frederic a trooper, however he is an American volunteer for the Italian armed force. Inside the setting of the customary romanticized trooper legend, it could be proposed that such activity as chipping in for somebody else’s war is valiant, fearless, and even agent of that overwhelming original saint delineated in account sentiment. In any case, Hemingway is sure to underscore Frederic’s naivetã ©, if not stupidity, from the earliest starting point of this enemy of hero’s venture. In spite of the fact that Frederic in fact positions as an official, he portrays his work to Catherine as â€Å"not truly [with] the army,† yet â€Å"only the ambulance† (Hemingway 18). As a rescue vehicle driver on the Italian front, Frederic’s guiltlessness is typified in his conviction that it is inconceivable for him to be murdered at the front; all things considered, the war â€Å"did not have anything to do† with him (Hemingway 37). Frederic’s honesty is additionally delineated and fortified by his negligence to the war; he can travel serenely in caravan if in â€Å"the first car† and welcome the â€Å"clear, quick and shallow† waterway and the baffling approaching mountains (Hemingway 44-5). Frederic’s capacity to value the â€Å"picturesque† Italian front outlines his failure to understand the importance of both the â€Å"deep pools† of the stream â€Å"blue like the sky† and the truth of life and demise transported inside his emergency vehicle (Hemingway 47). This naivetã © is correspondingly reflected from the get-go in the novel by the way that Frederic obviously and ardently puts stock in the conventional excellencies of soldiering: great warriors are ‘†brave and have great discipline'† (Hemingway 48). At the point when these gullible character characteristics are combined with the prevailing impression introduced by the blurring, blustery fall, and cholera-struck winter, the stage is set right off the bat in A Farewell to Arms for another Hemingway triumph of incongruity. Notwithstanding, from the earliest starting point of the book, perusers know that Frederic is getting progressively mindful of the way that â€Å"It obviously made no difference† whether he â€Å"was there to take care of things or not† (Hemingway 16). When Frederic comes back to the front after his leave time, he understands that everything is as he â€Å"had left it with the exception of that now it was spring† (Hemingway 10); the front had stayed static, and neither one of the sides had progressed or taken new domain. As average of the amusing legend, Frederic starts to believe that maybe â€Å"the entire thing† runs better without him at any rate (Hemingway 16). From Frederic’s point of view, not even the injured in the emergency clinic are â€Å"real wounded†; rather, genuine losses could possibly result from the activity when the war picks back up once more (Hemingway 12). Frederic’s disappointment with his general surroundings speaks to his call to experience. As an outsider in somebody else’s war, Frederic Henry is starting to detect the determined idea of war just as his inconsequentiality in this destructive occasion. For paying little mind to the alleged respect of military assistance, Frederic is starting to scrutinize the poise of his post; he considers his situation as an emergency vehicle driver to be â€Å"not actually the army,† the Italian salute, a motion â€Å"not made for export,† starts to make him awkward, and even the steel caps troopers are required to wear appear â€Å"too wicked theatrical† (Hemingway 18, 23, 28-9). What's more, even life at the front is starting to become dull: â€Å"The cleric was acceptable yet dull. The officials were bad but rather dull. The King was acceptable yet dull.† Only the wine, â€Å"bad,† was â€Å"not dull† (Hemingway 38-9). Frederic is startin g to scrutinize his job, and his noteworthiness, inside the setting of the war, and inside the setting of his profound quality. All around Frederic Henry, warriors significantly more associated than he is to the war, for example, Italian laborers, laborers, and residents, see the truth about the ghastliness of the war: silly battling for conceptual rules that outcomes in the passing of guiltless officers frequently indiscriminately battling for these objectives. This the truth is exemplified in Frederic’s experience with a warrior experiencing a hernia at the front. The fighter, obviously, needs out, however tells Frederic, the rescue vehicle driver, that officials don't discover his condition deserving of pardoning him from obligation. Henry exhorts the man with the hernia to â€Å"fall somewhere around the street and get a knock on† his head so he can legitimize taking the fighter to the emergency clinic (Hemingway 35). Be that as it may, incongruity saturates this circumstance. Henry and his compadres experience the man with the â€Å"rupture† indeed, just this time his head is seeping as two men lift him; â€Å"They had returned for him after all† (Hemingway 36). This tale shows the in a general sense unexpected nature of war: viciousness, injury, inspiration, eccentric thought processes and needs, the inborn incongruity in battling for somebody else’s cause. Troopers in war must battle to decide to battle for ostensibly honorable motivations of a theoretical country, ideological rule, or political objective, pay special mind to each other on the front, or just organize their

Virtual reality environments for geographic visualisation Essay Example for Free

Augmented reality situations for geographic representation Essay Today a wide assortment of virtual universes, urban areas and gaming situations exist and become some portion of life of their human occupants (Borner et al 2005). Route is assuming an undeniably significant job in virtual conditions (VE). Today virtual universes are extremely huge and present testing route assignments. As per MacEachren et al (1999), virtual condition (VE) advances can possibly broaden the intensity of data representation strategies, and those of logical perception all the more extensively. Ruddle (1996) affirmation of â€Å"one in three individuals lose all sense of direction in virtual environment† is valid because of absence of information yet is conceivable to wander and investigate these geographic situations. Past work have been done to create devices that produce representations of client and condition association for social route, screen, study, and research virtual universes and their advancing scenes. Perception and route in virtual situations The geovisualization of virtual conditions utilization of 3D show and in this manner can possibly delineate the three geographic elements of genuine spaces with each component of the showcase space portraying a geographic measurement (MacEachren et al, 1999). There is progress and improvements in research and applications in this field. A great deal has been created, for instance, Lahav and Mioduser (2003) created and investigated a multisensory virtual condition reenacting spaces, in actuality. Chen and Stanney (1999) thought of hypothetical models of wayfinding, used to direct the plan of navigational helping in virtual situations. Galyean (2006) drenched VR involvement in the benefits of account structure to permit smooth and constant association and introduction with the auxiliary and worldly characteristics. Ruddle et al (1997). Tsai-Yen Li et al (2008) additionally built up a constant camera control module for route in virtual situations. The wayfinding procedure has grasped intellectual mapping, wayfinding plan improvement, and physical development or route through a virtual domain. Virtual condition route has developed definitely from obsolete to post-present day devices. There have been improvements in virtual reenactment of urban and rustic situations utilizing both customary cartographic techniques and present day geo-data innovations, for example, Google earth and fly-through films. The ongoing improvements in the utilization of satellite symbolism, Digital Elevation Models and Aerial Photographs have prompted new lead huge scope films and computer generated reality route forms. The happening to these 3D geographic data frameworks (GIS) is major for brief strive and virtual territory acknowledgment. Increased reality as a major aspect of rising idea permits live direct perspective on a physical certifiable condition whose components are expanded by virtual. It is identified with a progressively broad idea considered interceded reality in which a perspective on the truth is adjusted and its enlargement is expectedly in semantic setting with ecological components. A Virtual Geographic Environment (VGE) is a multi-client shared, astute, virtual condition speaking to the genuine geographic condition to lead geospatial examination, convey our geovisualization, to help cooperative work, arranging and dynamic. As indicated by Hui and Zhu (2004), virtual geographic conditions comprise of five sorts of room, in particular; geographic information spaces, organize spaces, multidimensional introduction spaces, social spaces and tangible/perceptual spaces. These virtual spaces make VGE not the same as the customary computer generated simulation space related with ridiculous desires. VGE is likened with reality by making the spaces constant and coextensive. Nguyen et al (2009) did different tests to explore impacts of scale changes on separation observation in virtual situations. The country and regular habitats fundamentally included utilization of existing characteristic direct highlights and tourist spots, for example, streets, bluffs and streams to explore. The new perspective changes (Joseph et al 2001), have hugely attached the issue of scale particularly on worldwide perspectives. The customary encounters were significant and in this way these new advancements have demonstrated effective. For instance, Vinson (1999) structured rules to ease route in huge scope virtual situations. The rules center around the plan and position of tourist spots in virtual conditions. The unmistakable highlights and tourist spots spoke to different zones like structures, gas stations and corners to coordinate the route procedure along an assigned route course. This restricts the audience’s development through the space to intriguing and convincing ways. As per Ruddle (1996), instances of interface devotion incorporate the absence of physical development that is required to go around VEs and the devastated field of view. Significant components of condition constancy and accuracy incorporate the measure of visual detail and the oversight of non-visual tactile data. The computer generated experience world has gotten intrigued by enormous scope spatial psychological reproduction. This plays a job of a conditions physical structure and how the plan of a setting shapes the spatial conduct and perception of its clients. It generally places into thought various types of spatial data: true conditions, virtual situations, maps, course bearings, motions, and both composed and spoken depictions (Mekni and Moulin Mekni (2008). Sensor Webs are sent in huge scope geographic situations for in-situ detecting and information procurement purposes, an ideal case of an emotional answer for huge scope reenactment and augmented reality portrayal. End Advances in human-PC collaboration have made totally new ideal models shifts for investigating and introduction spatial data in a virtual situation, with adaptable client control. Henceforth, progressively natural and effective intuitive representation situations become progressively critical for the visual investigation of a lot of broad spatio-worldly data both at little scope and enormous scope. There is exceptional spotlight on new geographic and cartographic applications which include specialists and clients with regards to information perception in genuine virtual conditions. They are mostly evolved to help representation in a characteristic expansion of correspondence and capacities in the visual reasoning space. References Bishop, I. D. , and C. Karadaglis. 1994. Utilization of intuitive vivid representation methods for characteristic assets the board. SPIE 2656:128-139. Borner, K. , Penumarthy, S. , DeVarco, B. J. , and Kerney, C. 2005. Imagining Social Patterns in Virtual Environments on a Local and Global Scale. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. Volume 3081. ISBN 978-3-540-25331-0 Fisher, P. 1994. Randomization and sound for the representation of unsure spatial data, in Visualization in Geographic Information Systems. Altered by D. Unwin and H. Hearnshaw, pp. 181-185. London: John Wiley Sons. Chen, J. L, and Stanney, K. M. 1999. A Theoretical Model of Wayfinding in Virtual Environments: Proposed Strategies for Navigational Aiding. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Vol. 8, No. 6, Pages 671-685 Galyean T. A. , 2006. Guided Navigation of Virtual Environments. MIT Media Lab. Cambridge, MA. 02139 Hui L and Zhu Q. , 2004. Information Visualization: Virtual Geographic Environments consolidating AEC and GIS. Removed from http://www. directionsmag. com/article. php? Joseph J. LaViola Jr. Daniel Acevedo Feliz Daniel F. Keefe Robert C. Zeleznik(2001) Hands-Free Multi-Scale Navigation in Virtual Environments. Earthy colored University. Division of Computer Science, Box 1910. Provision, RI 02912 Lahav, O. what's more, Mioduser, D. 2003. 6A daze people intellectual mapping of new spaces utilizing a haptic virtual condition. Diary of Research in Special Educational Needs. Volume 3. Issue 3, Pages 172 177 MacEachren, A. M. , Edsall, R. , Haug, D. , and Ryan B. , 1999. Virtual Environments for Geographic Visualization: Potential and Challenges. Procedures of the ACM Workshop on New Paradigms for Information Visualization and Manipulation, Kansas City, Nov. 6, 1999. MacEachren, A. M. , D. Haug, L. Quian, G. Otto, R. Edsall, and M. Harrower. 1998b. Geographic representation in vivid situations. GeoVISTA Center, Penn State University, www. geovista. psu. edu/productions/i2. pdf. Mekni, M. also, Moulin, B. 2008. A Multi-operator Geosimulation Approach for Sensor Web Management. Procedures in Sensor Technologies and Applications, 2008. SENSORCOMM 08. Second International Conference on Sensor Web Management. Dept. of Comput. Sci. Programming Eng. , Laval Univ. Quebec, Quebec City, QC ISBN: 978-0-7695-3330-8 Nguyen, T. D. , Ziemer, C. J. , Plumert, J. M. , Cremer, J. F. , and Kearney, J. K. 2009. Impacts of scale change on separation discernment in virtual conditions. Procedures of the sixth Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization. ACM New York, NY, USA. Pages: 27-34. ISBN:978-1-60558-743-1 Rhyne, T. - M. , and T. Fowler. 1996. Inspecting progressively connected geographic representation. Figuring in Environmental Resource Management, Research Triangle Park, NC, Dec. 2-4, 1996, pp. 571-573. Ruddle, R. A. 1996. Route: Am I truly lost or essentially there? In D. Harris (Ed. ) Engineering brain research and subjective ergonomics. Vol. 6, 135-142. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. Ruddle, R. A. , Payne, S. J. Jones, D. M. 1997. ‘Navigating structures in â€Å"desk-top† virtual conditions: Experimental examinations utilizing broadened navigational experience’. Diary of Experimental Psychology: Vol. 3, pp. 143-159. Tsai-Yen Li and Chung-Chiang Cheng 2008. Constant Camera Planning for Navigation in Virtual Environments. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin. Vol 5166. Pages118-129. ISBN978-3-540-854

Ceramics Coursework Paper - 550 Words

Ceramics Coursework (Coursework Sample) Content: CeramicsNameClassProfessorDateCeramic is a compound that is inorganic in nature and has within it one or more metallic and non-metallic element. The materials are usually hardened by baking at very high temperatures. Metal oxides such as Aluminium Oxide, Ferrous Oxide are the easily found ceramics. Other Examples of ceramics include carbides, nitrides, porcelain, glass, bricks and refractory materials. Porcelain, glass, bricks and refractory materials constitute traditional ceramic materials.[Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Ceramics. n.d. http://materials.technion.ac.il/ceramics-research-Materials-Engineering/ (accessed July 28th, 2015).] Ceramics composes of a good number of materials. However, a little alteration to the nature of a ceramic material can significantly change its properties. With the addition of more ions and the crystal hardens the compound will have varied electrical, magnetic, optical, mechanical and chemical properties. At times, the crystal structure goes through conversion. Conversion is when an energy form is emitted as a different one. An example of conversion is changing mechanical energy into an electrical signal or the other way round.[Ibid.] [Ibid.] With the help of conversion a mobile phone rings through the vibrations of a ceramic material where a different electrical current from the emitted one was passed. Such a principle is also applied in ultrasonic examinations. Ceramics has varied applications today.Applications of CeramicsCeramics find use in a variety of applications such as window glass, implantable teeth, brick, ceramic bones, nuclear fuel, tennis racquets, solid-state electronic device, engine parts, cutting tools, valves, and bearings.[Engineershandbook.com. Materials: Ceramics. 2006. /Materials/ceramics.htm (accessed July 28th, 2015).] Advantages of CeramicsCeramic has many benefits that make it find use in many sectors. The advantages include high-temperature resistance, high electr ical resistivity except some ceramics which are semiconductors, a wide range of thermal conductivity, high hardness, good chemical and corrosion resistance, low cost raw materials, and appealing to the eye after getting some treatments such as color...

The Great Deal Of Poetry - 1790 Words

There is much image hunting and one often doubts if anything really meaningful is being done. But there are a number of good poets also, like Dom Moraes, Nissim Ezekiel, P. Lal, Kamala Das, A.K. Ramanujan and others. Have done, and are doing commendable work. Giving an estimate of contemporary Indo-Anglian Poetry Amalendu Bose writes. As a historical phenomenon, it is interesting that since 1947 a great deal of poetry has been written by Indians in English; that in both quality and quantity, this poetry compares very well with the English poetry that Indians wrote from the days of Derozio and Kashi prasad Ghosh till 1947; that in both quality and quantity, this poetry perhaps compares well also with the poetry of quite a few of the current Indian languages. And this poetry of quite a few of the current Indian languages and that this poetry is the expression of certain attitudes and values believed in by certain sections of today’s Indian society, urban and metropolitan, middle class, familiar with the Euro-American world, either by direct personal experience or in a derivative manner that claims the validity of direct experience. This poetry, in respect of its purposive of direction as much as of its balance sheet of achievement, deserves the attention of the serious student of Indian poetry. Today the Indian novelists writing in English are large in number. Besides Mulk Raj Anand, Raja Rao and R.K. Narayan, the three foremost Indian writers of fiction inShow MoreRelatedA Comparative Analysis of Harlem Renaissance Poetry Essay596 Words   |  3 Pages (A Comparative Analysis of Harlem Renaissance Poetry) The great philosopher Plato once orated: â€Å"Every heart sings a song, incomplete, until another heart whispers back. 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Cma Solutions - 63195 Words

Entrance Examination Syllabus Reference Material Copyright 2006 The Society of Management Accountants of Canada All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form without the permission of the copyright holder. Entrance Examination Syllabus Reference Material Introduction The purpose of this reference material is to assist you in reviewing your technical knowledge of selected topics listed in the CMA Entrance Examination Syllabus. The questions illustrate the range in type and depth of knowledge that may be tested in CMA Entrance Examination questions, but they do not represent simulations of the style and composition of CMA Entrance Examination questions. This material contains a selection of problems and†¦show more content†¦CMA Canada Entrance Examination Syllabus Reference Material Question Number Interim reporting (FA) Harburg Ltd. 20 24 1 17 21 26 30 13 28 21 27 29 17 5 10 26 29 30 1 7 8 12 27 30 1 10 12 13 27 30 10 29 30 Internal control Precision Company Joint costing (MA) Canadian Alcov Ltd. Leases (FA) Oletivy Ltd. Audiotron Limited Management control in not-for-profit and government organizations (MA) Amos Police Force Marketing Worldtech Operations management Sweet Company Harvard Industrial Tools Inc. Ownership equity and earnings per share (FA) Audiotron Limited Epic Ltd. High Tech Incorporated Pensions (FA) Oletivy Ltd. Performance evaluation and reward systems (MA) Ferguson Foundry Limited Cedar Electronics Limited Amos Police Force High Tech Incorporated Worldtech Pricing (MA) Canadian Alcov Ltd. Shanks Golf School Brookfield Gearbox Products Slick Ltd. Epic Ltd. Worldtech Relevant costing (MA) Canadian Alcov Ltd. 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Locomotive and Train free essay sample

Modern life is impossible without travelling. Thousands of people travel every day either business or for pleasure. They can travel by air, by sea, by train, by road. For some people there is nothing so exciting as traveling, and Im not an exception. I hate seeing people off, I prefer being seen off myself. Hardly anyone can positively enjoy sitting in a train for more than a few hours. Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. During the journey, you can take a nap, but at night when you really want to sleep, it’s almost impossible. Inevitably, you arrive at your destination almost exhausted. But there are a lot of advantages. With a train you have speed, comfort and pleasure combined. From comfortable corner seat you have a splendid view of the whole countryside. If you are hungry, you can have a meal in the dining – car, if the journey is a long one you can have a wonderful bed in a sleeper. We will write a custom essay sample on Locomotive and Train or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moreover, railway – station is the most interesting place. There is the movement, the excitement and the gaiety of people going away or waiting to meet friends. There are the shouts of the porters as they pull luggage along the platforms to the waiting trains, the crowd at the booking – office getting tickets, the hungry and thirsty ones hurrying to the refreshment rooms before the train starts. As for me, travel by train it’s boring and tiring. I prefer travel by plan. Of course, travelling by air is the fastest and the most convenient way, but it is the most expensive too. Travelling by sea is very popular. Large ships and small river boats can visit foreign countries and different interesting places. Sometimes I travel by ship. Its wonderful to feel the deck of the ship under the feet, to see the rise and fall of the waves, to feel the fresh sea wind blowing in the face, hear the cry of the sea-gulls. Of course, the voyage isnt exciting for those who are sea-sick. But I repeat again the cheapest and enjoyable way to travel is walking the forest, country. People travelling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land, sea or air. Hardly can positively enjoy sitting in a train for more than a few hours or even a few days. Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. More over travelling by train is not very comfortable, as on the long distances people don’t have an opportunity of having a shower. For many people sleeping in train is almost impossible because of the monotonous train’s swaying and fellow travellers’ snoring. As for the rest travelling by train is very interesting. From the comfortable corner seat of the railway carriage passengers have a splendid view of the whole countryside. Also there is a dining car for having a meal and a sleeper for having a rest. Besides, many travellers think that a railway station is a very interest place. There is the movement, the excitement, the gaiety of people going away or waiting to meet friends. There are the shouts of the porters as they pull luggage along the platforms to the waiting trains, the crowd at the booking-office getting tickets, the hungry and thirsty ones hurrying to the refreshment rooms. By the way trains as we know them were invented in Britain in the 1820s. So the railway  system in Great Britain  is the oldest in the world. Today’s British rails are highly efficient and offer impressive on-board service.